![]() (2002), for example, found that White participants made more correct decisions to shoot an armed target who was African American, than when the target was White. A majority of the early research focused on the shooting decision as a function of the decision maker and target’s race. In the context of police shooting decisions, the target may vary in sex, race, and appearance.Ī large body of research has relied on this paradigm to examine factors (situational, individual, and contextual) of both weapon identification and shoot (vs. If a gun is identified, the participant is instructed to shoot as quickly as possible by pressing a button on the computer. In the task, participants are usually instructed to decide – as quickly as possible – whether the target is holding a gun. Each image contains a target holding various objects. In this task, participants are presented with a series of background and target images (e.g., Figure 1). Shooting decisions have been researched extensively in a simulated video game task ( Correll et al., 2002, 2006). The experimental paradigm most closely analogous to a consequential decision made by police officers is likely the decision to shoot or not shoot. Dynamic Accumulation of Evidence in the Decision to Shoot or Not Shoot A secondary goal of this article is to prompt future research incorporating findings from dynamic decision making to applied settings in a police context. ![]() The primary goal of this article is to review recent experimental JDM research that has more fidelity with applied settings relevant to police decision making. Finally, we review the neurocognitive mechanisms of fear in decision making. We then review recent research on repeated experiential decisions and how they differ from one-time decisions typically studied in the lab. We begin by reviewing recent research on the decision to shoot or not shoot which analyzes the decision to shoot or not as a dynamic accumulation of evidence over time. In this article, we review recent experimental work in JDM that has brought dynamic decision making back into focus and discuss some of the experimental findings from this work that could contribute to improving police decision making. This extremely successful tradition of research has grown largely from the work of Klein (1989, 1993, 1997) and is often seen in contrast to traditional JDM research programs (more concerned with the experimental control of laboratory studies) and has had more relevance to topics such as police decision making than traditional JDM research (e.g., Klein et al., 2014). NDM typically focuses on highly specialized experts in high stake decision circumstances, such as firefighters, military personnel, and police. One reaction to this focus on simple decision contexts was the field of naturalistic decision making (NDM) which focuses on describing and understanding how people make decisions in real contexts with real world constraints ( Lipshitz et al., 2001). While the early pioneers of judgment and decision-making (JDM) research highlighted the importance of uncertainty and changing dynamics in decision making (i.e., Simon, 1955 Edwards, 1961), this focus was largely ignored for many years in favor of studying simple one-time decisions which could easily be represented in controlled experiments using choices between monetary gambles such as choose between a sure gain of $5 or a 50/50 chance of getting $11 or nothing (i.e., Lichtenstein and Slovic, 1971 Kahneman and Tversky, 1979). And decisions are made in uncertain and often changing environments. The same type of decision may be made multiple times, allowing for a police officer to base a future decision on past outcomes. Decisions unfold over time with information (often incomplete) becoming known at different rates. We conclude this review with a summary of how basic experimental research can apply in policing and training. We review recent work in three dynamic decision-making topics: dynamic accumulation of evidence in the decision to shoot or not shoot, how previous decisions influence current choices, and how the cognitive and neurological processing of fear influences decisions and decision errors. This recent focus has allowed for the possibility of more generalizable applications of basic decision science to social issues. Over the past 15 years, researchers have focused on understanding the dynamic processes in decision making. Traditional judgment and decision-making research has focused on simple choices between hypothetical gambles, which has been criticized for its lack of generalizability to real world contexts. In this paper, we review basic findings from experimental studies in judgment and decision making that could contribute to designing policies and trainings to enhance police decision making. Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.
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